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Next, having taken stock, we propose an alternative model that inverts the prevailing side-chain/backbone paradigm. In this view, the energetics of side-chain interactions dominate the folding process, driving the chain to self-organize under folding conditions. First, we summarize key ideas regarding protein folding developed over the past half-century and culminating in the current mindset. This perspective is a hybrid: partly review, partly proposal. Anfinsen showed that the amino acid sequence alone is sufficient to determine a protein's structure, but the molecular mechanism responsible for self-assembly remains an open question, probably the most fundamental open question in biochemistry. From the latter, we know the structures of ≈35,000 proteins, which are built on scaffolds of hydrogen-bonded structural elements, α-helix and β-sheet.
#Peptide backbone free#
From the former, we know the enthalpy, entropy, and free energy differences between the folded and unfolded forms of hundreds of proteins under a variety of solvent/cosolvent conditions. Current experimental knowledge comes primarily from thermodynamic measurements in solution or the structures of individual molecules, elucidated by either x-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy. In term of capabilities, 5th generation aircraft programs are already proving to be favorites to replace the 4/4+ generation aircrafts with the Lockheed Martin's F-35 Lightning II stealth fighter jet program spearheading the charge & the generational shift with the 6th generation jets already in the works.Under physiological conditions, a protein undergoes a spontaneous disorder ⇌ order transition called “folding.” The protein polymer is highly flexible when unfolded but adopts its unique native, three-dimensional structure when folded. Other parts of the world, too, are accelerating & scrambling for the retirement & replacement of their Cold-war era, legacy fighter jet programs with the latest & next generation capabilities through fast tracked procurement of in-production international aircrafts to be complemented by scratch-up, indigenous aircraft programs under-development. The impending, full-rate production decision on the F-35 program, likely in late 2023, will be a game changer for Lockheed Martin & the industry value chain given that the F-35 program has witnessed decisive & comprehensive victories over its contemporaries with the recent on-boarding of Switzerland, Finland, Canada and Germany Additionally, the upgrade, modernization & replacement of the sizeable number of older, in-service global fleet of F-16 variants along with fresh procurements is going on at an accelerated pace with Lockheed Martin maintaining a robust order book for new F-16 fighters in the latest Block 70 configuration. The replacement of global in-service fleet of legacy F-18 Hornet program is being pursued actively across parts of Europe and North America with the 5th Gen F-35 Lightning II JSF program dominating the same globally. The marked surge in global defense spending over the recent years has led to a rapid recapitalization spree of legacy fighter jet aircraft programs as a key priority globally driving the procurement of latest 5th generation programs and leading the development of a bevy of next generation aircraft programs for fleet replacement, build-up of capacity & broadening/beefing up of capabilities DUBLIN-( BUSINESS WIRE)-The "World's Top 10 Fighter Jet Aircraft Programs - Comparative SWOT & Program Dossier - 2022 - Program Fact Files, Comparative SWOT Analysis, Strategy Focus across Programs, Key Trends & Growth Opportunities and Market Outlook for Fighter Jets" report has been added to 's offering.įighter jets have been the traditional backbone & core pivot of the force structures & fighting capabilities of Air Forces globally given their significant role & capabilities for conducting a broad range of missions, including, Aerial Combat, Air Interdiction & Close Air Support, Penetration & Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD), Ground Attack and Air Dominance/Superiority.